Ethics and Law in Business and Society Research Paper

Ethics and Law in Business and Society - Research Paper Example Significant analysis and evaluation of the policies have been conducted to determine the effectiveness of these policies. Lastly, the study will provide some recommendation plans in order to overcome the possible issues and challenges. History of the Act It is important for the government, authorized bodies and employers to take care of the needs of the employees in an organization as employees are considered as one of the major assets of an organization. Significant work performance of the skilled and effective employees helps the business organization to achieve significant growth rate. In addition to this, effective business performs ace of the business units ensures economic growth of a nation. This specific act or program was required in order to cover and support the basic rights of the employees in an organization. This Federal Employees’ compensation act was developed in the year 1916 to ensure social welfare. This act was developed in order o support those employees w ho are physically or mentally unable to justify job responsibility. The major objective behind the development for the acts and programs was basically for a good social cause. It was highly important for the employees who are disabled, retired or physically challenged to get the benefits from the employers or from the federal government or from the authorized bodies to look after himself and his family. These funds can be provided to all the employees who are affected due to the workplace-related issues. In addition to this, several Federal Employees’ Compensation Act programs were started to organize by the federal government in order to improve the scenario of the society. According to this act, an individual can get different benefits based on the eligibility. The elements of the Federal Employees’ Compensation Act program include several aspects. According to this act, each and every mentally or physically affected employee in a workplace can get significant compen sation or service benefits (Ullmann, 2003). It is important for an organization to ensure healthy and safe workplace environment. The federal government of United States of America supported this act and act related programs to ensure the security of each and every disabled employee. Several types of benefit policies are proposed and developed in order to improve the lifestyle of these types of federal employees. However, the policymakers failed to develop the policy measures that created several conflicts and issues in later part. Several differentiated policies were developed and implemented under this Federal Employees’ Compensation Act in the year 1974 due to rising problems and issues in the states. however, the federal government of United States of America and other policymakers somehow failed to fulfill its overall objective due to lack of effective policy measures and i9nadequate development of eligibility criteria.

Dramatic devices and events used by Miller Essay Example for Free

Dramatic devices and events used by Miller Essay Youre the Devils man! When Mary finally buckles under the weight of Abigails power over her and her intelligent reaction to the situation- the accusation against Mary of witching her, she blames Proctor of witchcraft, thus condemning the whole of Salem to madness, and taking away the lives of Proctor and many other innocents. This event marks the end of any possibility of sanity in Salem, and is ruinous for the once peaceful town. The other accusation in this act is the blame placed on Abigail by Proctor that Abigail is a whore. Even though it would seem the most far-fetched and outrageous claim made in this act, it is the only truthful one. The courts justice fails to grasp this concept though, so the lies win the struggle once again. Act 3 holds the best chance Salem has had of being released from the hysteria and madness that has accumulated and multiplied, feeding upon the accusations and lies that have been propagated, but this glimmer of hope is extinguished, and the truth is once again suppressed and shunned. The truth of the girls fraud is suppressed. From the very beginning, when Proctor first speaks out against the court, Danforths questioning techniques attempt to intimidate Proctor, thus trying to suppress the truth, because his dialogue is imposing, inflexible and intimidating, thus preventing the one person who holds the key to the release of Salem, the one person who knows and can tell the truth, from doing so. If I must answer that, I will leave and not come back again. The other character key to suppressing the truth is Abigail, because she is harnessing the power of the witch trials to eliminate Elizabeth, to clear the path to her lust for Proctor, she also has an intimidating dialogue, because hers is indignant, and at times, even threatening, cleverly making out that she is innocent. She acts the part of a girl who is shocked and indignant at the charge against her, making the charge seem entirely false, when in reality it is completely accurate. She pretends to be indignant at the questions, to avoid answering the questions that Danforth poses to her, and even threatens to leave the court, showing her growing power over the adults in Salem. She also keeps looking at Mary, and uses the apparitions of the yellow bird and the icy wind, to force Mary back to her side, once again suppressing the truth from one character that could be the end of the lies. She chatters her teeth and shakes, to make the apparitions seem even more realistic. There are also events in Act 3 that also show the suppression of the truth, such as Danforth and Hathorne questioning Proctor to try to suppress the truth. In order to try to dispose of the threat that Proctor begins to pose in Act 3, Danforth and Hathorne exercise their power to invade his privacy. Even though Proctor has not yet been formally accused of witchcraft, Danforth and Hathorne, like Hale earlier, question him about his Christian morals as though he were already on trial. They hope to find in his character even the slightest deviation from Christian doctrine because they would then be able to cast him as an enemy of religion. Once thus labelled, Proctor would have virtually no chance of anyone in God-fearing Salem intervening on his behalf, therefore suppressing the truth. The court created for the witch trials was commonly believed by the villagers to be created by God. Therefore the upholding of this court becomes essential to the maintenance of social order in Salem. There is a big decision to be made by the judges in this act- to maintain social order and suppress individuals freedom, or to submit to the truth, thus condemning Salem to chaos and their reputation to breakdown. Some dramatic devices in this act are used to emphasise the issue of the decision between maintenance of social order or the truth. When Judge Danforth enters, the rest of the characters including Cheever and Parris trail him. This positioning of characters emphasises the authority that Danforth possesses. On his appearance, silence falls, again showing his power and authority as high judge of the court. He has the power to suppress the truth or to give justice, to take away the lives of innocents, or to heal Salem of the wounds it has suffered. Let you consider it then. When Hale says this sentence, the room falls silent as Proctor hands Danforth the warrant. This is a dramatic climax, when Danforth is considering Proctors evidence. This is a fulcrum, where the verdict could go either way-where social order could be maintained, or Proctors individual freedom could be granted. The silence is broken only by Marys sob, showing the importance of this moment. I have evidence for the court! we have proof for your eyes The desperate attempt by Giles, Proctor and Francis to save their respective wives exposes the extent to which the trials have become about specific individuals and institutions struggling to maintain power and authority-social order versus individual freedom. Danforth and Hathorne do not want to admit publicly that they were deceived by a group of girls, while Parris does not want the trials to end as a fraud because the scandal of having a lying daughter and niece would end his career in Salem. Because of this, Danforth react to Proctors claims by accusing him of trying to undermine the court, which, in theocratic Salem, is tantamount to undermining God himself. The issue that youre ones name is important to one, and that some are willing to die for it. There are many contextual links and quotes, from plays, books and even the bible, stating that name is important to a man. Good name in man and women, dear my lord, is the immediate jewel of their souls; who steals my purse steals trash; tis his, and has been slave to thousands; but he that filches from me my good name robs me of that which not enriches him, and makes me poor indeed This quote form the play Othello by Shakespeare shows that a name is important to a man, more important than his money or possessions. I quit this court! The stage direction of Hale slamming the door after quitting the court from which he was part of, ruins his good name and relinquishes the power he held, because he realises the injustice and lies that are holding the court up. Their bodies are buried in peace, but their name shall liveth for evermore. This quote from the bible, of St Matthew, Chapter 44, verse 9 says that if someone is dead, but has not left a name behind them, it means that they have not sinned and their name shall live on forever. Giles acted upon the same principle in this act-I cannot give you his name. Giles refuses to name someone else just so he can keep his own life, and dies for the cause. Proctor in this act also does not defile his name, because he does not confess to witchcraft when prompted, so is thrown in jail with a death sentence. He instead speaks the truth-that Salem has pulled down heaven and raised up a whore. In conclusion, in Act 3 of the crucible, Miller uses dramatic devices and events to highlight the key issues of the play, and, indeed, of the time, highlighting the problems and issues with Puritanism and the way of life in those days, and highlights the paranoia and hysteria that flourished in Salem at the time. He realises the irony of the trials, that they were supposed to be Gods will, but people were in fact using religion to their own ends. By Luke Worley (9T) 2915 words. Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Arthur Miller section.

Research Paper-Biometrics -- essays papers

Research Paper-Biometrics â€Å"Biometric technologies are defined as "automated methods of identifying or authenticating the identity of a living person based on a physical or behavioral characteristic."(Source #1) Growing up I loved to watch McGyver. He use to run around and break in and out of military compounds that were equipped with all types of security systems. Somehow he would always find the laser beams, or trick the fingerprint security, or voice activation. During that time biometrics was just beginning to come to the surface. Nowadays systems enabled with fingerprinting security, voice activation, or face recognition have come a long way and are close to fool proof. Biometrics have come even as far to be used at the Super Bowl or other huge sporting events. Cameras have been designed to monitor crowds and be able to take faces and run them through national criminal databases to see if any matches occur. Biometrics is the security of today and tomorrow. In this paper I will explain different types of biometric security systems, mainly fingerprint activation, and give a thourugh explanation of when it was created, who created it, how the product has evolved and where the product is going. Among all the biometric techniques, fingerprint based identification is the oldest and most familiar method. Fingerprints were first recognised as unique in 1684. Everyone is known to have unique, immutable fingerprints. A fingerprint is made of a series of ridges and furrows on the surface of the finger. The uniqueness of a fingerprint can be determined by this pattern of ridges and furrows. The fingerprint scanner captures an image of the fingerprint and uses complex algorithms to either convert the image into a unique "m... ...ve created is a voice activated deadbolt. Never worry about forgetting your keys or leaving them locked in your car. Simply state unlock door, the system searches its database for a match and your in. Voice Security systems have even created voice verification to access your vehicle. The most advanced creation in automobile security. No need for â€Å"the Club† or viper security systems on your vehicle. Simply install a voice verification system on your car and noone will be able to start your car unless their voice sample has been stored in the database. That diagram shows the simple structure of the deadbolt voice verification system. Overall, Biometrics have became security of the future. All three types of biometric technigques that I have explained in this paper each have their advantages and disadvantages over the others but all perform the same goal.

The Language Of The Cell :: essays research papers

The Language of The Cell   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The cell is a complex and delicate system: It can be seen that the cell is the stage where everyday functions such as molecule movement, protein synthesis and tissue repair take place. All organelles within the cell are well rehearsed in their operations, but an error on an organelles behalf, can send the cell and it’s organelles into panic. The efficiency rate of the cell plummets down to a low level. It does take some time for the dust to settle, and once the scripts are memorized, the cell is now ready to begin it’s tasks again.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Since the 19th Century, it was known that all living things, whether they were plants or animals, were made up of cells. This whole idea has been given credit to an English Physicist, Robert Hook (1635-1703), when he looked at a thin slice of cork under powerful hand lens. Hook discovered a large number of cells. Rudolf Virchow (1821-1902) propounded this idea, that the cell is a basic structure and functional unit for all living organisms.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A cell can be a wide range of shapes and sizes, although most cells are microscopic. Inside a cell membrane, a nucleus can be seen. The nucleus is the control center of the cell. Between the nucleus and the membrane, there is a polysaccharide matrix called the cytoplasm, where organelles can be found. The organelles are attached to a framework. The cell’s cytoskeleton.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Every living cell has the ability to detect signals from it’s environment. The signals are usually in the form of chemical molecules, that the cell has learned to recognize. The cell decodes these molecules into messages, and acts upon them. The cell has a â€Å"language†. Signals and messages are carried by particles of matter that have a very low energy requirements. There are many, many signals rumbling around the cell. It was thought that the cell would confuse itself in all of that background signal noise. One defense is available to this question. The cell’s decoding mechanisms are located downstream from the receptors. They are based on complex chemical reactions that take place in the cell membrane and control all the responses of the cell to the messages it receives.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Neuropeptides and polypeptide hormones, are made up of complex assemblies of amino acids, aligned in different sequences. In other cases, the amino acids are slightly transformed, as this is the case with well known transmitter substances such as epinephrine (adrenaline), dopamine and histamine.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Products made in the organelles within the cell, are sent to various destinations, both in and out of the cell. The cell has what amounts to a

Cabaret Film Anaylsis Essay

I directed Cabaret in 1971 and my main aim was to explore the nature of humans and how they behave in certain circumstances. Set in Berlin, 1931, the movie follows the lives of Sally Bowles and Brian Roberts through the struggles of living in Nazi Germany. Through the use of film techniques such as camera shot and angles, musical numbers, and repeated symbols, the viewer perceives how what contributes to the decisions people make, and how this affects their lives. The use of camera shots and angles featured heavily throughout Cabaret. I use the low angle close up frequently to establish a feeling of power or dominance. The first musical number I wanted to be viewed from the audience’s point of view, looking up at the cabaret performers to show the performer’s dominance and create a tense, excited and somewhat sinister atmosphere. It was also used to show that Brian is new to Berlin, a stranger. I showed this by making the audience continually look down on him from many perspectives. The close up shot is also frequently used. This shot is dramatic and fills the screen with a single subject, and when focusing on a person’s face, it is used to show emotion. This shot I used mostly with Sally. After she had her child aborted, the audience looked down at her. This combined with the fact she was wearing minimal makeup, it made her look almost child-like, showing she needed protection and emphasised the fact that she was very vulnerable. Camera focus is used to make the audience pay attention to certain details and I wanted to make the MC come to the forefront of the audience’s mind as he foreshadows misfortune or the coming of bad times. The title sequence starts with a blurry image which slowly comes into focus, and we see the face of the MC, indicating what I have just explained before. I often used close ups, or extreme close ups on the hands of the characters. These shots are used to draw the audience’s attention to a particular detail as well as distort reality. In this movie, I used hands to symbolise the different personalities of each character at different times. In the case of Fritz, I focus on his sleeve cuffs, which are frayed and show his poverty, whilst with Sally, I focused more on her fingernails and the colour changes that happen at different times of the movie, to show she is changing or she projects a different persona for different people, which made Sally appear fake. For example, when she went to meet her father, she removed her nail polish, which for the cabaret and most other times in the movie is vivid green, showing that she was intimidated by him. Musical numbers in the movie are very important to understanding the context. I placed these numbers strategically after certain scenes, to infer or foreshadow different events. The opening number gives you an idea of what you will be up for. It juxtaposes the cabaret with the outside world, and what was going on in Berlin at the time. During the MC’s performance, he says â€Å"Leave your troubles outside, life is disappointing. Forget it! In here, life is beautiful†. I then panned to the audience, and you can see most of them are wearing suits, and the ladies are immaculately dressed, these sorts of people would be beginning to feel the effects of the Nazi Party. The next musical number is Money, Money, Money. This is performed by the MC and Sally directly after she meets Maximillion. If the audience hadn’t already guessed, they are now given a very obvious clue as to why Sally becomes besotted with Max. I even an extreme close up on Sally’s face when she sings the line â€Å"money, money, money, money, money, money, money† to show the audience that this is all she wants from Maximillion. The last musical number, If You Could See Her, occurs directly after the conversation between Brian and Fritz, where Fritz finally admits to being a Jew, but he can’t inform Natalia, as she will reject him. Even though if he did tell her, they would be able to get married, but admitting to having a Jewish background in Nazi Germany probably wouldn’t be easy. Throughout the number, the MC is singing to a gorilla, so there is quite a contrast between both of the ‘lovers’, and if this wasn’t enough to let the audience realise this song is related to Natalia and Fritz’s relationship, the last line the MC sings â€Å"if you could see her through my eyes, she wouldn’t look Jewish at all† makes direct reference. I then cut to the scene where Fritz finally reveals his ancestry, so the connection becomes quite clear. During all of the numbers, I have described, you can see that the MC is present. He also appears at certain times during the movie before or after problematic events. The MC is a symbol for fear, also a symbol for the troubled times in the movie. I brought him in to warn the audience of the events to come, and his appearance, exaggerated personality and overdone makeup, project a sinister vibe which I believe the audience picks up on and foreshadows what is to come. Directing this film was a magnificent pleasure, and I believe my beliefs and values about Germany during the war period was brought out through the characters. I also believe I portrayed the fact that people seek the escape life’s difficulties with entertainment through the musical numbers and camera techniques used in Cabaret. Using these techniques, I also was able to explore the nature of humans and how they behave in certain circumstances and portray this through my characters.

Advantages of Breast-feeding for Baby and Mother essays

Advantages of Breast-feeding for Baby and Mother essays For the past centuries, breast-feeding has been the customary means of feeding a baby around the world. In the event a woman was unable or unwilling to breast-feed their child, another woman, known as a wet nurse, would do it for her. At the start of the twentieth century, western civilization became dependant on ways to make cows milk readily available as a substitute for mothers milk by such procedures as, dependable refrigeration, pasteurization, and sterilization. Over the course of the next half-century, formula feeding became the customary means of feeding a baby in the United States (Papalia, Olds, Breast milk is clearly the best intake for infants. Infants are able to digest breast milk better than formula. Mothers milk is a complete source of nutrients for infants for at least the first six months (Papalia, Olds, s (CDC) National Center for Health Statistics to conduct the National Immunization Survey (NIS). This survey was initially designed to find the current, national, state, and selected urban areas estimation of vaccination treatments. Starting in January of 2003, the NIS began asking breast-feeding questions to all respondents along with the immunization survey. The National Immunization Survey uses random-digit dialing to survey households with children of an eligible age. The survey is able to offer overall population estimations for the start, length, and individuality of breast-feeding practices. Fourteen states in the United States have achieved the national Healthy People 2010 objective of 75% of mothers initiating breast-feeding; whereas only 6 and 8 states h ave achieved the objective of having 50% of mothers breast-feeding their children at 6 months of age and 25% of mothers breast-feeding their children at 12 months of age, respectively (http...

Management of theories of success, leadership and communication Essays

Management of theories of success, leadership and communication Essays Management of theories of success, leadership and communication Essay Management of theories of success, leadership and communication Essay 2005 ) Execution: Agreement to ( Fixsen et al. , 2005 P.5 ) is known as specified set of designed to set into pattern an activity or plan of known dimensions . Through execution system are purposeful and enforced activity helps autonomous squad to observe its presence and strength in an administration. The value of execution is indispensable carry throughing good success consequence. ( Durlak and Dupre 2008 ) .Also implementation failure of success is due to miss of unequal preparation, inexperient forces and deficiency of resorts. ( Dalton et al. , 2007 ) Evaluation: Harmonizing to ( Rossi et al 2004 ) describes rating as societal scientific discipline activity trades to construing, analysing and pass oning information with respects to workings and effectiveness programmes of success in administration. Through rating determinations can carryout to enable continuity, spread outing and betterment lead to success. Evaluation helps for effectual direction, disposal and answerability in an administration. Besides Evaluation failure of success it is hard to mensurate sensitive alteration and existent consequence due to hapless designed and hapless comparing group. ( Wanderman et al. , 2005 ) . RESOURCE/SYSTEM SUPPORT: Modernization in administration involves system support. However, quality host is indispensable to implement programme and scheme. System support trades with proficient aid and preparation that lead to success in administration. Resources trades with successfully execution of proficient resources, financial resources, and human resources. ( Wanderman et al.,2000 ) . Besides, System failure of success is due to absence of institutional support for an engagement while resources failure is due to deficient installations, deficiency of fund and deficiency of human resources to implement quality policy in administration. ( Sarason, 1982 ) LEADERSHIP THEORIES: Leadership is one the most indispensable facet of direction work and of import for effectual direction in an administration. Besides leaders and directors helps people to make their purposes with the maximal application of its possible. ( Dixon, 1991, p60-61 ) Leaders in an administration are faced with certain challenges in leading manners and managerial accomplishments. Leadership is characteristic can be develop and pattern. Harmonizing to ( Hicks A ; esophagus 1981 ) all theory of leading is non surely as correct but it is obvious that eventuality theories are the chiefly capable. Leadership is about mission and vision of leaders. Different theories of leading are: Great MEN THEORY OF LEADERSHIP: This is the early phase theory of 19th century by Thomas Carlyle a Scottish. The theory is based on the legendary leaders have to born non made. The theory describes leaders as dandy and they were born with leading qualities. Besides the theory based that great leaders can originate when there is enormous demand. ( Bolden et al. , 2003 ) . CONTINGENCY THEORY OF LEADERSHIP: Fiedler s Contingency theoretical account presumes that single public presentation depends on the technique of leading in footings of undertaking motive and relationship motive. ( Fiedler 1964 ) .Among all the theories, eventuality theory is the lone theory that centred its construct on peculiar variable related to the environment and has important significance. Besides the theory focuses on situational variables that forecast effectual leading manner to suit particular job in an administration. ( Bolden et al. , 2003 ) . DEMOCRATIC THEORY LEADERSHIP: This is the type of leading that incorporate the members of the administration in determination devising and every bit good suggestion. This type leading tend to promote members dedication to the determinations and heighten the quality of determination in an administration ( Hicks A ; esophagus 1981 ) TRANSFORMATIONAL THEORY OF LEADERSHIP: This theory focuses on the relationship between the leader and followings and may besides alter leader in the moral agent. In this leading manner, the follower and the leader are changed for the better. This motivates and promote persons and assist the group to execute accurate when is used by the leaders. Transformational leading is non based merely on power or authorization, even though dissension and power has a function to play in the kineticss of leading ( Burns, 1978 ) . SITUATIONAL THEORY OF LEADERSHIP: This is system where direction take a peculiar leading that match a peculiar state of affairs in an administration. ( Hersey A ; Blanchard 1988 ) situational leading recommend that leaders should alter their manners of leading based the adulthood of the person they are taking and facets of undertaking. The theory is more normative and trades with intuitive entreaty. ( As cited by Shackleton, 1995 ) COMMUNICATION THEORIES: Communication theory is sample procedure that should work easy and expeditiously and required to explicate the message clearly ; utilizing right medium that will supply easy feedback the information ( chlson et al. , 2005 p207 ) .Communication is really indispensable component of direction. Exclusive of communicating directors perchance will non carry through their assorted undertakings in an administration. Communication trades with an exchange of information system and thoughts in an administration with the environment. Successful communicating inside houses is really necessary and helps to link other parts of direction procedure. Through communications directors can transport out their other functions of commanding, planning and organizing ( Dixon, 1991p84-88 ) . Anita cited ( undertaking direction institute criterions committee,1996, p103 ) stated that undertaking communicating direction trades with the process to guarantee seasonably, storage, aggregation , airing, and important deposition of undertaking information. Under the theory of communicating there is intrapersonal and interpersonal communicating. Harmonizing to ( Dainton A ; Zelley, 2005 ) describes intrapersonal communicating as communicating within one s ego, it deals with how persons analyze others attitudes, behavior and messages to delegate intending to a given event. ( Millar 1978 ) defined interpersonal communicating, as communicating between two persons when they are close in propinquity, able to accomplish immediate feedback and utilize multiple senses cited by ( Dainton A ; Zelley, 2005 ) UNCERTAINTY REDUCTION THEORY OF COMMUNICATION: Harmonizing to ( Dainton A ; Zelley, 2005 ) cited Berger and Calabrese stated that uncertainness decrease theory explain and predict when, why and how single usage communicating to minimise their uncertainties when interacting with one another. This is guided by three rules that states that ( a ) retain that the primary end of communicating is to minimise uncertainnesss that persons have about the universe and dwellers ( B ) the suggest that persons acknowledge uncertainness invariably and the acknowledge of uncertainness is an unpleasant 1. ( degree Celsius ) recommend communicating as the primary medium for cut downing uncertainness. This type of communicating belongs to intrapersonal communicating. EXPECTANCY VIOLATION THEORY: Harmonizing to ( Dainton A ; Zelley, 2005 ) cited Burgoon stated that anticipation misdemeanor theory describes persons attribute to the misdemeanor of personal infinite and besides gestural of misdemeanors of physical infinite. Expectancy deals with people expectancy of what will go on on peculiar state of affairs and based on thought of societal norms. This type of communicating theory belongs to intrapersonal communicating. POLITENESS THEORY OF COMMUNICATION: Harmonizing to ( Dainton A ; zelley, 2005 ) cited Brown and Levinson stated that niceness theory simplifies how we pull off our ain and other persons individualities through interaction, by using niceness schemes. This theory determines WHY, WHEN and how interpersonal interaction is constructed through or from absence of niceness. This type of communicating belongs to interpersonal communicating. SOCIAL EXCHANGE THEORY OF COMMUNICATION: Harmonizing to ( Dainton A ; zelley, 2005 ) describes this theory as a wide attack used to explicate and foretell relationship care in an administration. This theory is invented by Thibaut A ; Kelly 1959.Social Exchange Theory simplifies when and why persons constant develop some personal relationships while stoping others. With respects to the name of theory suggests, an exchange attack to societal relationships is much like an economic system based on the comparing of costs and wagess. This theory belongs to interpersonal theory of communicating. SOCIAL PENETRATION THEORY OF COMMUNICATION: Harmonizing to ( Stolar, 2002 ) describes the theory as communicating procedure of accomplishing greater grades of intimacy or familiarity with another person. This theory increases understanding of why and how some relationships become close and other relationships do non. This theory was invented by Irwin Altman and Dalmas Taylor in 1973.This is really significance theory to research on because it gives inside informations why people form the intimate relationships that the bash and why and how this procedure occurs over clip. This theory belongs to interpersonal communicating theory. RELATIONAL DIALECTICS THEORY OF COMMUNICATION: Harmonizing to ( Montgomery A ; Baxter 1996 ) describes relational dialectics theory as form of believing about human relationships that is extremely influenced by dialogic thought. From the point of position of relational dialectics theory, a societal life exists in and through people s communicative patterns, by which single gives voice to multiple opposing inclinations. ( baxter A ; Montgomery 1996 ) . This belongs to interpersonal communicating theory. 1: ( a ) CRITICAL REVIEW ON ALAN SUGAR S OPINIONS ON SUCCESS From Sir Alan Sugar, secrets of success he reviews success as a support on traveling procedure and the understanding towards your failings and strengths, instead than being defensive about them. Besides he said, the love of what you are making is the key to success and recommends continuity in larning what you do, even when the traveling is tough. He acknowledged difficult work and hungriness as indispensable to success. Besides focuses on flexibleness and continuity as cardinal to success. Finally, he mentioned willingness to larn, stamina, self-belief and enthusiasm as manner of accomplishing his success in administration. From my ain point of position, in term of flexibleness in concern, during early yearss he engaged in many concerns such as doing ginger beer, selling to neighbors and concern of under developed camera movies, selling to school friends. He was the president of the Computer Company and major in Tottenham Hotspur Football nine. Harmonizing to ( Upton, 1994 ) flexi bleness is the capableness to alter or respond with little punishment in clip, public presentation or attempt cost. Besides that, ( Mensah, 1989 ) describes flexibleness as capableness to react and accommodate to altering concern status within and outside administration. So Sir Alan sugar was the laminitis Amstrad that stand as Alan Michael trading and subsequently grown to international consumer electronics, telecommunications and Computer Empire. He pointed out stiff attack as a job to concern and urge flexibleness as the best with respects to workplace success. Furthermore, difficult work and hungriness was the key to secrets of success of Sir Alan because he refuse to give up, no affair how difficult things are. From my apprehension, dedication and doggedness are really indispensable to administration. Most the successful concern work forces have internal venue of control and difficult work and thoughts. Then, he commented on willingness to larn, this deals with attempt and want toward your end. Based on his position on enthusiasm, harmonizing to ( Koch,1994 ) stated that the most successful persons in concern are non the most intelligent and success is all about finding, motivated and enthusiastic for cause. So enthusiasm is linked to his success. Finally, He besides illustrated self -belief and staying power as indispensable to success. CRITICAL REVIEW ON ALAN SUGAR S OPINIONS ON LEADERSHIP: This critical reappraisal shows Sir Alan Sugar political orientation of leading and shows the strengths and failings. Sir Alan describes leader as they tend born non made up and besides describes leading as holding personality and personal appeal qualities. Besides that, for effectual leading you need to be disciplined in self -management and you have to actuate others. However, the ability to deputation in workplace and have the qualities of inspiration. From my apprehension, I disagree with Sir Alan and Thomas ( laminitis of Great adult male theory of leading ) that said leaders are born non made. Harmonizing to ( Adair, 2009 ) quoted, Field Marshal Lord Slim There is no cipher who can non better their powers of leading by a small idea and pattern . The effectual degree of operation and stableness can alter persons to be a leader. Besides ( Adair,2009 ) quoted, that Field Marshal Montgomery, the other, great British born leader , was every bit positive that leading could be devel oped. Harmonizing to Adair, a immature lieutenant said that, by developing he increased his morale and powers to leader his platoon, and later his company. However, I believe that leading can be developed by preparation and besides some person have inherent aptitudes and qualities of leading than others. From Sir Alan Sugar critical reappraisal he said, that he is great truster in doing certain everyone knows what is traveling on and recognition is given when it is due. Judging from above he applied democratic theory of leading in his direction where the employees are involves in determination devising and every bit good suggestion. Harmonizing to ( Hicks A ; Gullet 1981 ) stated that democratic leading tend to promote members dedication to the determinations and heighten the quality of determination in an administration. ( Wilcken, 2010 ) cited ( rock A ; Patterson, 2005 ) transformational leading theory trades with advancement and development and suggest single to work together to make greater development of the administration. Furthermore, Sir Alan acknowledged deputation and motive as indispensable to his leading manner. To be good a leader, is critical to depute your program decently and actuate your staffs. Harmonizing to ( Fiedler, 1964 ) Contingency theory presumes that single public presentation depends on the technique of leading in footings of undertaking motive and relationship motive. Dixon ( 1993 ) cited Adair, stated that, there are variables in any work state of affairs such as undertaking demands, group demands and single demands. Obviously Sir Alan Sugar exercises his undertaking demands and group needs expeditiously to accomplish his concern dream. Harmonizing to ( Dixon,1993 ) deputation is the bosom of direction procedure. During Sir Alan yearss in the company, conveyance subdivision is taking most of his clip ; he decided to depute it to another person with respects to undertake most of import elements. Finally, harmonizing to ( Shackl eton,1995 ) stated that personal appeal is indispensable but non sufficient constituent of transformational leading. Most people like, film stars are magnetic but have no to transformational effects on bulk of follower CRITICAL REVIEW ON ALAN SUGAR S OPINIONS ON COMMUNCATION: Harmonizing to Sir Alan sugar point position on communicating, he describes communicating indispensable to good leader in a workplace. He farther, describes communicating to be concise, precise and to the point. Besides that, he focus on facial look and organic structure linguistic communication when base on balls communicating. He besides commented on, feedback and dialogue accomplishments during communicating. Besides through the usage of e-mails Sir Alan was able to pass on his staffs. Furthermore, observed continuity and self-belief and power of silence in dialogue during communicating. Harmonizing to Sir Alan Sugar, to pass on good is cardinal good if you are to be a good leader and rise to the in the administration. This means you must be able to pass on expeditiously and rapidly in an administration. ( Wilcken, 2010 ) cited David Collinson that stated relational dialectics theory of communicating, as dialectical position can ease new manner of believing about complex, switchi ng kineticss of leading ( p1422 ) .However, Sir Alan said, message demand to be concise, precise at the point and this applicable utilizing e-mail to convey information for concerns. Based on this point, harmonizing to ( Green, 2006 ) recent public dealingss communicating pattern focuses entirely information like characteristics, facts, brief, inside informations to the topic and information content in your message should play a encouraging function in your message, and the amount of the message. From above, uncertainness decrease theory of communicating trades with when, why, and how single usage communicating to minimise their uncertainties when interacting with one another ( Dainton A ; Zelley, 2005 ) cited Berger and Calabrese. Harmonizing to Alan sugar, is indispensable to be alert of your facial look and organic structure linguistic communications during acquiring the message across. However, the word communicating from Latin point of position communicare means to portion together . So communicating challenge begins with cognizing your audience demands and besides you need be receptive and sensitive to other person s organic structure linguistic communication. Besides you to be witting of signals and actions during conveying message to audience. Harmonizing to ( Green, 2006 ) as cited Albert mehrabian ( 1972 ) stated the 52 per cent of information about single from organic structure linguistic communication, while 35 per cent from their tone of voice and merely 7 per cent from the words they use. Beside, in term of feedback, communicating minutess are between peers and non peers, so is necessary to take of comparative position of spouses in the relationship and impacts on the communicating ( Green, 2006 ) .so, feedback played a good function to Sir Alan direction system. Then, dialogue accomplishment is necessary, through this method Sir Alan was able to get the better of jobs his company and mundane life. Decision: However, good direction depends upon good communicating and leading in an administration. So, many barriers prevent good communicating such as deficiency of lucidity in message, the different background of people and deficiency of openness to information and suggestions. The communicator should be cognizant of all these barriers and deduction of actions. Harmonizing to ( chelsom et al, 2005 p204 ) describes communicating as critical interaction of persons to group of people set abouting a assortment of activities and most peculiarly to seeking to organize their work towards a common aim. Besides, many the leading theories concentrate about entirely upon the leader and follower relationship and give small attending to sidelong and upward directed interaction. A choice leading is one the most indispensable factors on finding the success and endurance of groups and administrations. Leadership is about acknowledging a end and being to influence and actuate single towards achieving it. Fi nally, to ease success in an administration, there is demand to choose Numberss possible early successes and work on them to find the hereafter success. REFERENCE/ BIBLIOGRAPHY Adair J. ( 2009 ) Effective leading.London, Pan MacMillan Ltd. Nathan birnbaums, J. M. ( 1978 ) , Leadership, Harper and Row, New York, NY, . Bolden, R. , Gosling, J. , Marturano, A. and Dennison, P. ( 2003 ) . A reappraisal of leading theory and competence framework.UK Chelsom.J. , Payne A. , Reavil L. ( 2005 ) Management for Engineers, Scientist and Engineers: 2nd erectile dysfunction, England ; John Wily A ; Sons Dalton, J. , Elias, M. , A ; Wandersman, A. ( 2007 ) .Community psychological science: Linking persons and communities ( 2nd ed. ) .Belmont, CA: Wadsworth. Daiton M. A ; Zalley E. ( 2005 ) Using Communication Theory For Professional Life. USA, Sage Publication Dixon R. ( 1991 ) Management Theory and Practice. England. Calys Ltd ( p84-88 ) Durlak, J. A. , A ; DuPre, E. P. ( 2008 ) . Execution affairs: A reappraisal of research on the influence of execution on plan results and the factors impacting execution. American Journal of Community Psychology, 41, 689-708 Fiedler, F. E. ( 1964 ) , A Contingency Model of Leadership Effectiveness, in Progresss in Experimental Social Psychology, edited, pp. 149-190, New York. Academic Press. Fixsen, D. L. , Naoom, S. F. , Blase, K. A. , Friedman, R. M. , A ; Wallace, F. ( 2005 ) . Implementation research: A synthesis of the literature. Tampa, FL: University of South Florida, Louis de la Parte Florida Mental Health Institute, The National Implementation Research Network. Gordon J. ( 2004 ) successful communicating skill-building tool.USA, toilet Wiley A ; boies, Inc p85-86 Green A. ( 2006 ) Effective Personal Communication Skills for Public Relations, Britain A ; USA, Kogan page Hicks G. A ; Gullett, C. ( 1981 ) . Management. 4th erectile dysfunction. Singapore: McGraw -Hill, Inc. p477-500. Koch R. ( 1994 ) The Successful Boss s First 100 yearss. Britain, Pitman publication Montgomery, B. A ; Baxter, L. ( 1996 ) . Associating: Dialogues in dialectics. New York: Guilford. Mensah, K.E. ( 1989 ) , Measuring information systems undertakings: a position on cost-benefit analysis , Information Systems, Vol. 14 No. 3, pp. 205-17.Available From: lt ; www.emeraldinsight.com/0263-5577.htm gt ; [ Accessed 24 November 2010 ] Rossi, P. , Lipsey, M. , A ; Freeman, H. E. ( 2004 ) . Evaluation: A systematic attack ( 7th ed. ) , Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Sarason, S. B. ( 1982 ) .The civilization of the school and the job of alteration. Boston: Allyn and Bacon Shackleton V. ( 1995 ) . Business leading, London, Routledge. Stolar D. ( 2002 ) Social Penetration Theory. Upton, D. ( 1994 ) , The direction of fabricating flexibleness, California Management Review, Vol. 36 No. 2, pp. 72-89.Available From: lt ; www.emeraldinsight.com/0263-5577.htm gt ; [ Accessed 24 November 2010 ] Wandersman, A. , Goodman, R. M. , A ; Butterfoss, F. D. ( 2005a ) . Understanding Alliances and How They Operate. In M. Minkler ( Ed. ) , Community forming and community edifice for wellness ( 2nd ed. , pp. 292-313 ) . New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press. Wandersman, A. , Imm, P. , Chinman, M. , A ; Kaftarian, S. ( 2000 ) . Geting to results: A results-based attack to answerability. Evaluation and plan planning, 23, 389-395. Project Management Institute Standards Committee. , ( 1996 ) . A usher to the undertaking direction organic structure of cognition ( 1996 ed. ) . North Carolina: PMI Publishing Division. Pederson, D. and Hartley, J. ( 2008 ) , The altering context for public leading and direction: deductions for function and kineticss , International Journal of Public Sector Management, Vol. 21 No. 4, pp. 327-39.

Origins of the Jammu and Kashmir Conflict

Origins of the Jammu and Kashmir Conflict When India and Pakistan became separate and independent nations in August of 1947, theoretically they were divided along sectarian lines. In the Partition of India, Hindus were supposed to live in India, while Muslims lived in Pakistan. However, the horrific ethnic cleansing that followed proved that it was impossible to simply draw a line on the map between followers of the two faiths - they had been living in mixed communities for centuries. One region, where the northern tip of India adjoins Pakistan (and China), chose to opt out of both new nations. This was Jammu and Kashmir. As the British Raj in India ended, Maharaja Hari Singh of the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir refused to join his kingdom to either India or Pakistan. The maharaja himself was Hindu, as were 20% of his subjects, but the overwhelming majority of Kashmiris were Muslim (77%). There were also small minorities of Sikhs and Tibetan Buddhists. Hari Singh declared Jammu and Kashmirs independence as a separate nation in 1947, but Pakistan immediately launched a guerrilla war to free the majority-Muslim region from Hindu rule. The maharaja then appealed to India for aid, signing an agreement to accede to India in October of 1947, and Indian troops cleared the Pakistani guerrillas from much of the area. The newly-formed United Nations intervened in the conflict in 1948, organizing a cease-fire and calling for a referendum of Kashmirs people in order to determine whether the majority wished to join with Pakistan or India. However, that vote has never been taken. Since 1948, Pakistan and India have fought two additional wars over Jammu and Kashmir, in 1965 and in 1999. The region remains divided and claimed by both nations; Pakistan controls the northern and western one-third of the territory, while India has control of the southern area. China and India both also claim a Tibetan enclave in the east of Jammu and Kashmir called Aksai Chin; they fought a war in 1962 over the area, but have since signed agreements to enforce the current Line of Actual Control. Maharaja Hari Singh remained head of state in Jammu and Kashmir until 1952; his son later became the governor of the (Indian-administered) state. The Indian-controlled Kashmir Valleys 4 million people are 95% Muslim and only 4% Hindu, while Jammu is 30% Muslim and 66% Hindu. Pakistani-controlled territory is almost 100% Muslim; however, Pakistans claims include all of the region including Aksia Chin. The future of this long-disputed region is unclear. Since India, Pakistan, and China all possess nuclear weapons, any hot war over Jammu and Kashmir could have devastating results.

Information Policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 4

Information Policy - Essay Example In the opt-out system, Google could sell the book unless the copyright owner objected. Orphan work was also another issue of contention in the settlement. Google could sell the orphan works until the owner of the work showed himself. The owner of the work would be paid their share when they came forward. Was the court justified to reject the settlement despite the fact that it was after an agreement between Google and copyright owners? Based on the existing copyright laws, was the opt-out system proposed by Google in line with the existing laws? Bearing in mind that exceptions where the opt-out system is allowed, was the opt-out system beneficial to both parties and should it be added to the list of opt-out exemptions in the copyright law? How should orphan works be used? Should Copyright law apply to them? According to Swygert and Earle Yanes (1998), disputants will always rearrange their entitlements, rights, and liabilities in a manner which produces gain in their combined wellbei ng if they have perfect knowledge of all the alternatives, and transaction costs are zero. Can the Coase theorem be used to resolve copyright disputes such as the dispute between copyright owners and Google? Suppose the settlement between Google and Copyright owners was agreed on by the Court how would piracy affect such an agreement? How does piracy affect Copyright? According to DeNardis (2015), a search engine algorithm is one way to enforce trademarks and copyrights. The search engine ranks sites using algorithms, where sites with low ratings are blacklisted or shown lowest in the search. A three strike policy is also recommended whereby ISPs deny users who violate copyrights or trademarks Internet access. However, the UN indicates that the policy is against human rights. Another way of safeguarding copyright and trademarks is to switch off domains. The Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) investigates domains that violate copyrights or trademarks

Current Events discussion in the Technology or Security Arena Assignment

Current Events discussion in the Technology or Security Arena - Assignment Example Meanwhile, the Pentagon reported that no sensitive information was on the social site. US authorities affirmed that no classified information is ever posted on the social site. Authorities also confirmed that the hackers did nothing much except to take control of the Megaphone (Clarion Project 1). The incident lasted for 40 minutes, during which the ISIS bragged and issued threat the best way it could. The fact that computer systems can be hacked remotely is not a new phenomenon except that it is a big question which system is hacked. Online companies have found themselves dragged into wars that many of them are hardly prepared. The fact that many social websites allow users to post on their walls or those of others, it seems that a security breach portal is always open for manipulation. That implies that such limited permission encryption for posting on another user’s wall can be de-encrypted in part for hacking. In a related incident, the problem of system security, particularly cyber security, is now being treated with the seriousness it deserves. Governments have realized that as long as they are going to use some of the services offered by social media, the have to protect them. Such protection may imply formulating new laws that regulate what is to be released to the public. While responding to questions, Cameron hinted that given the present of terrorism, it is important that governments wake up to the realization that the digital era requires monitoring of communications (Horsley 1). The specific security question that came out was the observation that social media companies, for instance, Facebook and Google, are offering high-tech encryption technology. Cameron observes that by offering unbreakable codes, social media companies are putting security of citizens in risk. That is because terrorists can manipulate such codes for

Identity in the Indian Ink Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Identity in the Indian Ink - Essay Example The novel teams up with ideas that are fascinating as well as characters that revolve around an English woman who was visiting the subcontinent during the years that were yearning in the British Empire dominance (Davis 33). British and Indian definition of Identity The British people define Indian identity in terms of the behavior and culture the Indians display. For instance, the nude picture is a representation of Indian culture as evidenced by Flora when she says, â€Å"this one is for yourself†¦I’m pleased† (Stoppard 74). The picture is nude to represent Nirad’s tradition as well as a revelation that he had stopped aping the English. However, Nirad meant to please Flora who had always told him to stick up for himself and stop doing everything the English do (Stoppard 43). This causes a cultural clash because Flora wants Nirad to be himself. Nirad wants to impress Flora using his knowledge of English culture and of England. Using oils in painting was Engl ish and not Indian; therefore, Nirad had to make the painting nude in order to be Indian. Thus, the British defined Indian culture based on following Indian roots and keeping away from English culture. Traditionally, Fosters which is a passage to Scotts and India the Raj quarter, the play examines experience in the colonial field by focusing on the relationship between given couples. Throughout the play, Flora’s and Nirad’s relationship changes from being a formal one to being an intimate one. Their relation brings in major points of culture clash and tension too. Identity as displayed by the Characters Identity is given much attention throughout the play, especially as can be traced in different levels but it is clear in the relationship between Flora and Nirad. Stoppard chose an original way of presenting the identity in their relationship because he represents them using the art. In this respect, his idea of â€Å"skill without imagination,† is craftsmanship and offers numerous helpful objects, e.g., wickerwork, picnic, and baskets. Imaginations devoid of skill yield modern art. This is interesting because it reveals his view on the art as well as power of the human imagination, which should interpret and perceive the arts as it was done by the main characters (Kelly 50). The British as well as Indian perceptions during the colonial past are depicted in close parallel with the perceptions of the refashioned post-colonial. The reflection of Stoppard on the Anglo-Indian hybrid identity as well as combined cultures, i.e, Anglo and Indian in nature are traceable in the vastly Anglicized contemporary nature of Anish who opposes Mrs. Swan concerning imperial history topics and articulates the dominance of Indian culture, although he states, â€Å"England is my home now†¦I have spent half my life here" (Stoppard 18). His spouse is an English lady who is a contemporary deconstructive style painter, not like his father. Among the most conf licting viewpoint regarding the Empire’s past start to arise when Anish states, "The first War of Independence" or "The Rising of 1857", which Mrs Swan calls "The Mutiny" ( Stoppard 17). The author offers a similar voice to the two viewpoints as a somewhat heated contest on imperial history follows. An exemplar regarding Mrs Swan’s opinions is, "We were your Romans, you know. ...We might have been your Normans" (Stoppard 17), after which Anish persuasively puts forth his viewpoint.

Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 51

Marketing - Essay Example Soon they automated Customer Service Representatives, also known as Relationship Managers or RM who interact with customers through ‘High Touch Integrated Customer Desktop’. Companies can retain their existing customers by giving them an unforgettable service experience, that’s what the management team of Juniper also did. In order to keeping customers as the first priority, it is necessary not only to implement a proper CRM program but also to build emotional bonding with customers. Emotional bonding is usually built by showing friendliness, empathy and courtesy while rendering services. These strategies can be much more effective than the conventional CRM technologies. Wallace states that the credit of their success goes to tight relationship between marketing department and customer service. Unlike other companies where marketing tactics are difficult to be understood by customers, Juniper product managers closely monitor their campaigns on regular basis and RMs provide feedback to the marketing campaign in order to enhance the productivity and performance of campaigns. The bottom line of this advice is that there must be close relationship between the customers and the marketing department of the relevant company. Implementing the strategy of being customer centred satisfied a large number of Juniper’s customers. Consequently, the company received the Number One position in ‘Gomez Advisors’ Internet Credit Card Scorecard’. The company got this reputable spot by providing timely and accurate response through e-mail and phone calls. According to Wallace, they do not impose a formal CRM program instead they try to instil the behaviour of valuing customers in the culture of their

Youth and Interschool Sport Injuries Research Paper

Youth and Interschool Sport Injuries - Research Paper Example 2011). One study that was done on the subject is described in the article titled, â€Å"Football-Related Injuries Among 6- to 17-Year-Olds Treated in US Emergency Departments, 1990-2007† (Id.). Prior research estimated that the US has between 300,000 and 1.2 million injuries annually that are related to football (Shankar et al., 2007). Since the injury rate is so high, better injury prevention strategies must be developed; and, in order to develop them, more research is needed to help fill in all the gaps in the existing research. Very little research on youth football-related injuries currently exists that has a nationally representative sample (Nation et al., 2011). For example, many prior studies only included injuries occurring in organized league play and disregarded injuries that happened during unorganized play (Id.). Some other prior studies focus only on one specific geographic location or type of injury; therefore, none of those studies contained a sample that repres ents the national population so the results are not widely applicable (Id.). In order to obtain more widely applicable results, the current research included children from 6- to 17-years old that had been treated for a football-related injury in a US emergency department between 1990 and 2007 (Id).

Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 51

Marketing - Essay Example Soon they automated Customer Service Representatives, also known as Relationship Managers or RM who interact with customers through ‘High Touch Integrated Customer Desktop’. Companies can retain their existing customers by giving them an unforgettable service experience, that’s what the management team of Juniper also did. In order to keeping customers as the first priority, it is necessary not only to implement a proper CRM program but also to build emotional bonding with customers. Emotional bonding is usually built by showing friendliness, empathy and courtesy while rendering services. These strategies can be much more effective than the conventional CRM technologies. Wallace states that the credit of their success goes to tight relationship between marketing department and customer service. Unlike other companies where marketing tactics are difficult to be understood by customers, Juniper product managers closely monitor their campaigns on regular basis and RMs provide feedback to the marketing campaign in order to enhance the productivity and performance of campaigns. The bottom line of this advice is that there must be close relationship between the customers and the marketing department of the relevant company. Implementing the strategy of being customer centred satisfied a large number of Juniper’s customers. Consequently, the company received the Number One position in ‘Gomez Advisors’ Internet Credit Card Scorecard’. The company got this reputable spot by providing timely and accurate response through e-mail and phone calls. According to Wallace, they do not impose a formal CRM program instead they try to instil the behaviour of valuing customers in the culture of their

The Death penalty versus Life Without Parole Research Proposal

The Death penalty versus Life Without Parole - Research Proposal Example Such people argue that life sentence without parole is far better than death penalty since death penalty is immoral and highly expensive compared to other means of punishment. In my opinion, capital punishment is not suitable for a civilized society like America and I would like to research this topic further in order to help my readers to better understand why life sentencing without parole is better than capital punishment. â€Å"If we execute a person, what is the difference between us and the criminal who has committed the horrifying crime of killing another individual?†(10 Pros and Cons of Capital Punishment). The criminal justice system normally give capital punishment to the criminals for taking the life of innocent people, citing the reasons that nobody has the right to take the life of others. However, by giving capital punishment, the criminal justice system is also repeating the same mistake done by the criminal. â€Å"According to a study by the Indiana Criminal L aw Study Commission released in 2002, executions cost the state 38 percent more than the costs of keeping an inmate incarcerated for life† (Capital Punishment - The Costs of Capital Punishment). Capital punishment is highly expensive because of the complexities in the trial procedures in such cases.

Local Lit Foreign Lit Essay Example for Free

Local Lit Foreign Lit Essay In this chapter one of the most important early steps in a research project is the conducting of the literature review. This chapter will explain how review of related literature is very important in conducting a study. This is also one of the most humbling experiences youre likely to have. Because youre likely to find out that just about any worthwhile idea you will have has been thought of before, at least to some degree. A literature review is designed to identify related research, to set the current research project within a conceptual and theoretical context. The greatest emphasis on research journals that use a blind or juried review system. The literature review will help to find and select appropriate measurement instruments. It will readily see what measurement instruments researchers used themselves in contexts similar to the study. Finally, the literature review will help to anticipate common problems in the research context. It can use the prior experiences of others to avoid common traps and pitfalls. 2.1 Related Literature Local Literature The Department of Education said Monday â€Å"it’s all systems go† for the National Career Assessment Examination (NCAE), adding that it expects some 1.5 million fourth year high school students from both public and private schools to participate. â€Å"The annual conduct of the NCAE gives the students and the parents an idea on the field of endeavor most suited to the graduating students thus, allowing for better decision on their choice of career,† Education Secretary Jesli Lapus said. A major part of the exam consists of the general scholastic aptitude test. It also measures a graduating student’s potentials or inclination in such areas as technical-vocational aptitude, entrepreneurial skills, nonverbal ability and occupational interest. The test components are: scientific ability, mathematical ability, reading comprehension, verbal ability, manipulative skills, clerical ability, non-verbal ability and entrepreneurial skills. The exam results are at best recommendatory and are not a requisite for admission to college. There were 717,232 students or 58.62 percent who obtained high aptitude in entrepreneurship. Some 20,307 students with high general scholastic aptitude scores and 22,879 students with high results in technical-vocational aptitude became eligible. (James Konstantin Galvez, n.d.) It says in the article that the assessment exam will determine which career path is best after graduation from high school based on the individual test results. The examination will also minimize the mismatch in career choices and skills that has affected many college graduates who were not well advised about what career path they should take. *PMA exam passers eye academy’s 300 slots.The 942 passers of the recent Philippine Military Academy (PMA) entrance exams will still have to battle it out to make it to the 300-strong cast of final cut and fulfill their dreams of being a member of the PMA Class 2013. The PMA entrance examination is the just first step of a highly competitive process for cadet aspirants in the PMA. To secure a slot in the academy, examination passers will then have to overcome the rigid and complete physical fitness test and medical examination set in early October. But the good news is PMA’s officials are reportedly planning to talk with the Armed Forces of the Philippines general headquarters to extend the final cut qualifiers by 30 to 50. Those who will qualify the second stage will be notified by the PMA thru mail, while the complete list of passers will be published in some major national broadsheets and at the PMA website at www.pma.ph. And although the exam is just the beginning, PMA Supt. M/Gen. Leopoldo Maligalig appreciated the 18-percent passing rate this year, only a whisker ahead of last year’s 16 percent. Records show that applicants from Baguio registered the highest passing percentage in the entrance exam at 27 percent with 133 passers. There were 8, 449 regulars and 1,834 walk-in applicants nationwide but only 5, 777 have qualified to take the entrance examinations. 5, 652 completed the battery test in mathematics, English and special PMA aptitude test. PMA, considered the country’s top military institution, has been accepting more than 10,000 to 12, 000 applicants in the past years. Academy’s information officer Lady Capt. Agnes Lynnette Flores, however, noted that there has been a decrease in the number of aspiring cadets as a result of PMA’s more rigid training intended to maintain its reputation of producing high-quality cadets and future true leaders.â€Å"The program is also geared to insulate PMA cadets from politics and to mold them into constitutional soldiers who must defend the fundamental law of the land at all costs,† she said. *MMDA chief: Address job mismatch. Saying the education system is failing to produce the skills needed by the private industry, Metropolitan Manila Development Authority Chairman Bayani Fernando yesterday called for joint public-private collaboration to address the problem of job mismatch. â€Å"The government, schools and private business should get together for an exchange of views on dominant and emerging jobs and the skills needed to fill the jobs,† Fernando said. He suggested human-resource planning to forecast the demand for and supply of critical skills. The planning could be done on an industry basis. Fernando proposed that companies provide the necessary training and retraining, while colleges and universities review their curricula to offer business-friendly courses. The government should also enhance its free training program through the Technical and Skills Development Authority (Tesda) by opening more training centers in rural areas and strengthening its vocational training program. Current opportunities, Fernando noted, are in the fields of information technology, retail, manufacturing, tourism, hospitality and accounting, adding that the call center industry has an opening for at least 60,000 jobs this year. Fernando said the Philippine economy should also continue to grow in order to provide more better-paying jobs that would entice Filipinos to stay in the country. While overseas Filipino workers are providing billions of dollars in remittances for the Philippine economy, their absence in the country also contributes to the brain/skills drain and to dysfunctional families, he observed. Local industries have estimated incurring an additional P1 billion for recruiting and training new workers to replace those who have left to work abroad. Foreign Literature DepEd asked not to rank schools in NAT. The Federation of Association of Private Schools and Administrators (FAPSA) is asking the Department of Education (DepEd) not to rank schools in the National Achievement Test (NAT), saying it is not a healthy competition. â€Å"Our group would not mind the intention of Secretary (Jesli) Lapus provided the outcome would not be published,’’ he added. Kasilag made the appeal after the DepEd administered the NAT to sixth graders and second year high school students last March 5 and 12. â€Å"The conduct of the test had paved the way for ingenious access to leakage. Former DepEd secretary Raul Roco had admitted that questions and answers could bought in the provinces,’’ he said. Kasilag said the NAT, being the precursor of NCEE in the 90’s then NEAT and NSAT in 2000, was the same exam for whose abolition his group lobbied for. Roco abolished the NCEE in a bid to allow more students to enter college. He cited the case of a female student in his school (St. Nicholas school in Marikina) who failed to graduate as valedictorian because she didn’t do well in NEAT exam years back. â€Å"The mother asked why should a days exam matter most over the entire six years of study in elementary? Schools already have 4 periodicals, 10 monthly tests, countless quizzes and daily assignments, are these not enough?’’ he said. (Shianee Mamanglu, March 18, 2009) The ranking of schools in a publication had proved to be divisive and resulted in unhealthy competition among private schools. Schools that lagged behind prepared rigorously to recover at the expense of regular academic curriculum. Ofcourse, if the result is published it will only cause disgrace to the schools. The conduct of the NAT is not reliable enough to assess the total performance of students, since students, particularly those from the provinces, can buy questions, answers and grades. *Mandatory psych test for leaving OFWs opposed. We will also stage various mass actions in national level in the coming weeks to show Malacanang and the House members that there is indeed clamor for this, he added. Basas, however, expressed appreciation to Secretary Lapus and the entire DepEd in lobbying for the immediate approval of the proposed bill. He also lauded the Senate for the immediate approval of its counterpart proposed law in the Upper Chamber. TDC claimed that since 2001 public school teachers had only two salary increases amounting to P2, 000 combined. Mandatory psych test for leaving OFWs opposed. Manila, Philippines A coalition of migrants’ rights organizations has opposed the proposal to make psychiatric examination mandatory for leaving overseas Filipino household service workers. Ellene Sana, executive director of the Center for Migrants Advocacy (CMA), said the proposal was made by the Department of Foreign Affairs, citing a study by the Department of Health of mental cases among overseas Filipino workers. She said they got the information from Poe Gratela, private sector representative to the governing body of the Philippine Overseas Employment Administration (POEA), during a consultation meeting on August 6. In Resolution No. 05, Series 2008, the Consultative Council on OFWs (CCOFW), of which CMA is a member, argued that this mandatory psychiatric exam only for household service workers is discriminatory, will be an additional cost to OFWs, and does not guarantee objectivity. *The council also said the test presupposes that the root problem is the workers’ psychiatric disposition. It said this presumption is â€Å"unfounded and illogical.†Ã¢â‚¬Å"Sound psychiatric test results of a worker cannot guarantee one’s sanity because there are simply too many aggravating factors such as work environment, cultural differences, language barriers, and emotional stress that affect OFWs’ physical and mental conditions,† it said. The council pointed out data which shows that 78 percent of the household service workers deemed mentally unfit were deployed in the Middle East. This indicates that â€Å"what is needed is for the government to look at the working conditions in the Middle East of the household service workers, and not these workers’ mental states,† it said. Instead, the council proposed that the government administer mandatory psychiatric examinations to all government personnel deployed overseas â€Å"to determine their psychological and emotional preparation for overseas assignments, particularly, in handling cases of workers in distress.† *Aside from CMA’s Sana, the other signatories to the resolution are: Fr. Savino Bernardi of the Apostleship of the Sea, Fr. Edwin Corros of the Catholic Bishops Conference of the Philippines’ Ecumenical Commission on Migrants and Itinerants, Luis Andres Maya of the Scalarini Center for People on the Move, Fr. Fabio Baggio of the Scalabrini Migration Center,Gwendolyn Valencia of the Philippine Migrants Rights Watch, Carmelita Nuqui of the Development Action for Women Network, Gina Espinosa of Kaibigan Inc., Francisco Aguilar Jr. of the Fil Migrant Workers Group, Mildred Yamzon and Dr. Gloria Itchon of the Women in Development Foundation, and Luther Calderon of Kampi. *Naveed Azim and Imran Naqvi and Kashif ur Rehman. Learning of student can be assessed by objective type and subjective type questions. Educationists and behavioral scientists declare subjective writing skills essential for senior management positions. Investigation revealed that IT professionals who qualified through objective type online examination and lack subjective writing skills could not earn rise in career to top management positions easily. The study considered ability of a student to express knowledge subjectively as the independent variable and higher management position requirements as the dependent variable. It hypothesized better the student of higher level education in his/her subjective expression, more considerable s/he will be for positions at senior management in business organizations. The study selected 100 private companies engaged in the field of Information Technology (IT) in Rawalpindi and Islamabad, Pakistan who seek OCP or MCSD or MCSE certified professionals. SalonBooker is the leading online scheduling, point-of-sale and business management software for the beauty industry. Thousands of businesses have joined the GramercyOne family to provide online booking to their customers, manage day-to-day operations and drive new business. SalonBooker is completely web-based, which makes it available from any computer with a browser and internet connection, anywhere at any time, even via an smart phone or iPad. With SalonBooker you will be able to manage your business efficiently by integrating multiple systems in to one, save time through intelligent inventory and commission management and track and report across all activities within your business. (http://www.salonbooker.com/) 2.2 Related Studies Local Studies *According to Wikipedia, â€Å"A test or an examination (or exam) is an assessment, often administered on paper or on the computer, intended to measure the test-takers or respondents (often a student) knowledge, skills, aptitudes, or classification in many other topics (e.g., beliefs). Tests are often used in education, professional certification, counseling, psychology (e.g., MMPI), the military, and many other fields. The measurement that is the goal of testing is called a test score, and is a summary of the evidence contained in an examinees responses to the items of a test that are related to the construct or constructs being measured. Test scores are interpreted with regards to a norm or criterion, or occasionally both. The norm may be established independently, or by statistical analysis of a large number of subjects.† (www.wikipedia.com) According to Lee J. Cronbach, â€Å"Test aid in making many sorts of decisions, including selection and classification of individuals, evaluation of educational or treatment procedures, and acceptance or rejection of scientific hypothesis.† (Essentials of Psychological Testing, Cronbach, p.18) According to Wikipedia, â€Å"An Internet forum, or message board, is an online discussion site. It originated as the modern equivalent of a traditional bulletin board, and a technological evolution of the dialup bulletin board system. From a technological standpoint, forums or boards are web applications managing user-generated content. People participating in an Internet forum may cultivate social bonds and interest groups for a topic may form from the discussions. (www.wikipedia.com) According to WORDIQ, †An Internet forum, also known as a message board or discussion board, is a web application that provides for online discussions, and is the modern descendant of the bulletin board systems and existing Usenet news systems that were widespread in the 1980s and 1990s. An Internet forum typically exists as part of a website and invites users to start topics and discuss issues with one another. Sometimes, a forum even comprises most, if not all, of the content of a site. Compared to wikis, Internet forums dont allow users to edit the forum posts of other users; however, administrators and moderators generally have the capability of doing thisâ€Å". (www.wordiq.com) Foreign Studies College student retention programs tend to focus primarily on students in their first and second year of college as this is the time when the greatest number of students withdraws from postsecondary education (ACT 2004). Such programs vary substantially in design and execution. Examples include: Early alert, assessment, and monitoring systems to identify students at risk of dropping out for early intervention; Freshman Seminar; and HORIZONS. Organizational Theory practices, designed to create an institutional culture conducive to student retention, are another means of encouraging college student retention. Improving college retention rates may have broad impacts: students who complete college degrees have been found to be less likely to need the support of social services, generate higher tax returns, put less stress on the criminal justice system, and have better health status and improved parenting skills. Expected Beneficial Outcomes, Increased college retention rates, increased graduation rates, Evidence of Effectiveness ACT-Student Retention 2004 indicates that emphasis on retention strategies over the past several decades has not had a substantial impact on college retention overall. However, such programs have been effective in some venues and for some students: Dale 1995 reports that 85% of students participating in HORIZON, a Purdue University based student retention program, were retained compared to only 47% of non-enrollee peers. Participants indicated that belonging to a support network, having assistance with effective study methods, and tutoring were most important to their decision not to leave school. According to Wikipedia, â€Å"Career assessments are tests that are designed to help individuals understand how a variety of personal attributes (i.e., interests, values, preferences, motivations, aptitudes and skills), impacts their potential success and satisfaction with different career options and work environments. Assessments of some or all of these attributes are often used by individuals or organizations, such as university career service centers, career counselors, outplacement companies, corporate human resources staff, executive coaches, vocational rehabilitation counselors, and guidance counselors to help individuals make more informed career decisions.†

Coca Cola uses SWOT analysis to access their performance

Coca Cola uses SWOT analysis to access their performance Strengths Coca Cola is an enormously familiar company. Recognition is one of its bigger strengths that are almost unparalleled. Coca Cola is known very well across the world. Its branding is clear and renowned. The logo of Coca Cola is one of the most famous things in the world. Some people buy coke, not only because of its taste but because it is widely accepted and they feel like they are part of something so big and unifying. Overwhelming is the best word to describe Coca Colas popularity. It is scary to think that its popularity has been constantly growing over the years and the possibility that there is still room to grow. If you speak the words Coca Cola, it would definitely be recognized all around the world. Money is another thing that is strength of the company. Coca Cola deals with massive amounts of money all year. Like all businesses, they have had their ups and downs financially, but they have done well in this compartment and will continue to do well and improve. The money they a re earning is substantially better than most beverage companies, and with that money, they put back into their own company so that they can improve. Another strength that is very important to Coca Cola is customer loyalty. The 80/20 rule comes into effect in this situation. Eighty percent of their profit comes from 20% of their loyal customers. Many people/families are extremely loyal to Coca Cola. It would not be rare to constantly find bottles and cases of a product such as coke in a house. It seems that some people would drink coke religiously like some people would drink water and milk. This is an improbable feat. Weaknesses Coca Cola is a very successful company, with limited weaknesses. However they do have a variety of weaknesses that need to be addressed if they want to rise to the next level. Word of mouth is probably a strength and weakness of every company. While many people have good things to say, there are many individuals who are against Coca Cola as a company, and the products in which they produce. While people will have their opinions, you have to try to sway their negative views. If bad comments and views are put out to people who have yet to try Coca Cola products, then that could produce a lost customer which shows why word of mouth is a weakness. Another aspect that could be viewed as a weakness is the lack of popularity of many of Coca Colas drinks. Many drinks that they produce are extremely popular such as Coke and Sprite but this company has approximately 400 different drink types. Most are unknown and rarely seen for available purchase. These drinks do not probably taste bad, but a re rather a result of low profile or nonexistent advertising. This is a weakness that needs to be looked at when analyzing their company. Another weakness that has been greatly publicized is the health issues that surround some of their products. It is known that a popular product like coke is not very beneficial to your body and your health. With todays constant shift to health products, some products could possibly loose customers. Opportunities Coca Cola has a few opportunities in its business. It has many successful brands that it should continue to exploit and pursue. Coca Cola also has the opportunity to advertise its less popular products. With a large income it has the available money to put some of these other beverages on the market. This could be very beneficial to the company if they could start selling these other products to the same extent that they do with their main products. Another opportunity that we have seen being put to use before is the ability for Coca Cola to buy out their competition. This opportunity rarely presents itself in the world of business. However, with Coca Colas power and success, such a task is not impossible. Coca Cola has bought out a countless number of drink brands. An easy way to turn their profit into your profit is too buy out their company. Brand recognition is the significant factor affecting Cokes competitive position. Coca Cola is known well throughout 90% of the world populat ion today. Now Coca Cola wants to get there brand name known even better and possibly get closer and closer to 100%. It is an opportunity that most companies will ever dream of, and would be a supreme accomplishment. Threats Despite the fact that Coca Cola dominates its market, it still has to deal with many threats. Even though Coca Cola and Pepsi control nearly 40% of the entire beverage market, the changing health-consciousness attitude of the market could have a serious effect on Coca Cola. This definitely needs to be viewed as a dominant threat. In todays world, people are constantly trying to change their eating and drinking habits. This could directly affect the sale of Coca Colas products. Another possible issue is the legal side of things. There are always issues with a company of such supreme wealth and popularity. Somebody is always trying to find fault with the best and take them down. Coca Cola has to be careful with lawsuits. Other threats are of course the competition. Coca Colas main competition being Pepsi, sells a very similar drink. Coca Cola needs to be careful that Pepsi does not grow to be a more successful drink. Other product such as juices, coffee, and milk are threats.

Essay --

Often times in literature, writers use different techniques to convey their ideas. One of the most common techniques in literature is the allegory, a literary device that expresses hidden meanings through symbols, settings, and even characters. William Golding’s Lord of the Flies is a perfect example of an allegorical novel. Lord of the Flies is a novel in which several British boys are stranded on a remote island following a plane crash, and must cooperate with each other in order to survive. The reader can either choose to read Lord of the Flies from a literal perspective as an adventure story, or they can choose to read it from figurative perspective as physiological, religious, political, or social allegory. Golding successfully manages to incorporate issues of innocence, savagery, and religion through these allegories without even mentioning them specifically in the novel. The most commonly used allegory in the novel is the social allegory; Golding uses the novel’s four main characters, Ralph, Jack, Piggy, and Simon, to represent different parts of society. In Lord of the Flies, Golding uses the four main characters as social allegories; Ralph is used to represent fair/democratic government, Jack is used to represent power/dictatorship, Piggy is used to represent technology/intellect, and is used Simon to represent humanism. Ralph represents the fair/democratic government found in human society. Originating from Britain, Ralph tries to mimic the Parliament by employing his own conch-led government system. When Ralph notices that they cannot have everyone talking at once, he says, â€Å"I’ll give the conch to the next person to speak. He can hold it when he’s speaking† (45). The definition of a democracy is a system of governm... ...as to tell the boys that there was in fact no beast, it was only a dead parachutist. Rather than being read from a literal perspective, the reader can choose to read Lord of the Flies as one vast social allegory. The four main characters, Ralph, Jack, Piggy, and Simon, are used as social allegories to represent different parts of society. Ralph is used to represent democratic government, Jack is used represents autocratic government, Piggy is used to represent the intellectual part of society, and Simon is used to represent humanistic part of society. While it may be just a narrative telling of several boys marooned on an island, Golding’s plentiful use of allegories gives Lord of the Flies a much more profound meaning than just that. Without these allegorical elements, Lord of the Flies would just be a common adventure novel with no significant moral meaning.

browning :: essays research papers

Barrett Browning was one of the most brilliant poets of the Victorian Age. She was born in 1809 in London, England and was raised with an excellent classical school education. In her early teens she showed great signs of a genius. Many of her poems were written before she was just fifteen years of age. By looking at Elisabeth Barrett Browning she was delicate, but inside this fragile woman there was a superior spiritual and mental being. Browning’s first publication of poems written was â€Å"Essay On Mind, And Other Poems†. In 1846 at the age of thirty-seven she married her soul mate noted English poet, Robert Browning.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As of all great poets life experiences are a large basis of inspiration in their works. Throughout the chapter of her life tragedy and health woes surrounded Browning. She had a blood vessel burst in her lungs and this forced her to stay confined home for an extended period of time. To better her healing process her doctor recommended her to move to a warmer climate. She relocated to Torquay, England and while she was there her brother and two of his friends drowned in a boating accident. This horrific accident had a profound effect on Browning and provided a hue of thought as well as feeling to her poetry.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Truly understanding the personal history of Browning enables one to read her poetry and understand her being. After reading dozens of her poems all of them stood out and it was very difficult to just focus on five poems. I will discuss â€Å"Sonnets From The Portuguese† first. I came across the various sonnets in this piece a decade ago and believe her works to be one of the most romantic poems of all times. Browning wrote â€Å"Sonnets From The Portuguese† during the time she first met her husband and one can not help get the impression that it was likely dedicated to him. The love that was blossoming in her heart inspired her to write this literary masterpiece. Browning had various inspirations for her works especially Shakespeare’s spirit. â€Å"Sonnets From The Portuguese† and many of her other works where written in Petrarchan sonnets. Petrarchan sonnets in general are characteristically treat its theme in two parts. The octave, ei ght lines state a problem, express emotional problem, or even ask a question. The sestet, six lines, generally resolves the problem, relieves tensions, or answers the unknown question. browning :: essays research papers Barrett Browning was one of the most brilliant poets of the Victorian Age. She was born in 1809 in London, England and was raised with an excellent classical school education. In her early teens she showed great signs of a genius. Many of her poems were written before she was just fifteen years of age. By looking at Elisabeth Barrett Browning she was delicate, but inside this fragile woman there was a superior spiritual and mental being. Browning’s first publication of poems written was â€Å"Essay On Mind, And Other Poems†. In 1846 at the age of thirty-seven she married her soul mate noted English poet, Robert Browning.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As of all great poets life experiences are a large basis of inspiration in their works. Throughout the chapter of her life tragedy and health woes surrounded Browning. She had a blood vessel burst in her lungs and this forced her to stay confined home for an extended period of time. To better her healing process her doctor recommended her to move to a warmer climate. She relocated to Torquay, England and while she was there her brother and two of his friends drowned in a boating accident. This horrific accident had a profound effect on Browning and provided a hue of thought as well as feeling to her poetry.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Truly understanding the personal history of Browning enables one to read her poetry and understand her being. After reading dozens of her poems all of them stood out and it was very difficult to just focus on five poems. I will discuss â€Å"Sonnets From The Portuguese† first. I came across the various sonnets in this piece a decade ago and believe her works to be one of the most romantic poems of all times. Browning wrote â€Å"Sonnets From The Portuguese† during the time she first met her husband and one can not help get the impression that it was likely dedicated to him. The love that was blossoming in her heart inspired her to write this literary masterpiece. Browning had various inspirations for her works especially Shakespeare’s spirit. â€Å"Sonnets From The Portuguese† and many of her other works where written in Petrarchan sonnets. Petrarchan sonnets in general are characteristically treat its theme in two parts. The octave, ei ght lines state a problem, express emotional problem, or even ask a question. The sestet, six lines, generally resolves the problem, relieves tensions, or answers the unknown question.

Explain the Importance of the Pharmaceutical Industry in the Late 19th and 20th Centuries and Its Effect on the Treatment of Illness

Explain the importance of the pharmaceutical industry in the late 19th and 20th centuries and it's effect on the treatment of illness. (9marks) During the late 19th and 20th century many apothecaries (pharmacists) and herbalists were transforming family shops into chains of pharmacies (Boots). This made the pharmaceutical industry increase in importance from the late 19th century onwards as new discoveries were being made . The Pharmaceutical Industry grew hugely in importance in the late 19th and 20th century.This was partly due to ‘preparations’ which were being made and researched and the use of pills in medicine was transformed when Brockedon invented a machine that made standardised pills. These ‘preparations’ were being marketed as being a cure for practically anything and came in the forms of potions, ointments and pills and were made from things such as coloured liquids, alcohol, lard and arsenic. These however didn’t seem to work and therefor e could have been worsening the ill people or not helping the patients at all.The effect of treatment for illnesses, like Infectious diseases were still being researched so there were no cures. Researchers worked on identifying disease germs and inventing vaccines or cures. Prevention, not drugs, was thought to be the future of medicine. During the 20th century the Pharmaceutical industries importance began to expand, and pharmacies/apothecaries were becoming increasingly popular and in demand. The Pharmaceutical industry actually began with textile dyes. In 1909, Paul Ehrlich invented salvarsan as a drug to cure syphilis.He was inspired by the specific staining or non-staining of bacteria with dyes for microscopic study. He made hundreds of dyes with arsenic atoms attached; hoping that the dye would attach itself to a bacterium and the arsenic would kill it (‘magic bullet,). Compound No. 606, which they had originally dismissed, was a success and effective. Advances in medici ne were slow until 1932. Domagk at the Bayer Company went through thousands of compounds that Bayer had made in discovering new dyes.He found one, prontosil that cured streptococcus infections in mice. Also, in 1928, Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin. He and others realized the importance of drugs that could cure infections and infectious diseases. In conclusion, the importance of the pharmaceutical industry in the late 19th and 20th centuries became increasingly more important in everyday life as people started to depend on the medicines/drugs and how well it treated or seemed to treat the symptoms of illness.

Big Two-Hearted River

What do we know about Ernest Hemingway’s story, â€Å"Big Two-Hearted River,† and what do different reviewers have to say about the story. Many of the reviewers felt that the story links the author, Ernest Hemingway to his main character, Nick Adams when the author uses words, such as â€Å"up† to associate a good mood and â€Å"down† to refer to feelings of depression. One can easily look into the depths of Ernest Hemingway’s writing and discover pieces of his own personality, both good and bad. What can we learn about Ernest Hemingway as we read about the fictional character; Nick Adams?(Gibbs, 1975) Robert Gibbs tells us that â€Å"He made him up. † â€Å"Big, Two-Hearted River† begins with a train dropping off Nick Adams near the wilderness of the Upper Peninsula of Michigan. We can easily visualize Hemingway riding on the train on his way to the Upper Peninsula. What follows, we find is a straightforward narrative of one of his da ys camping alone near the river, thinking about Nick Adams. Must we rationalize that Hemingway, much like Nick Adams, spent many of his own days alone by the river? That is the impression that the story leaves.It is easy to imagine Hemingway sitting by the river in Michigan Why is Nick intrigued by the river, which he uses to provide food for himself and much more? I understood that he finds healing through the river. We are told in the story, â€Å"Big Two-Hearted Riverâ€Å" that â€Å"Much like Hemingway, himself, Nick Adams finds himself continually haunted with frightening flashbacks to his past suffering and grief. As he alludes to in other stories, Nick turns to fishing (especially fishing with grasshoppers) to release his mind from the terrible pressure of his life.As he makes coffee, for instance, he is reminded of his old fishing buddy and oil tycoon, Hopkins, who Hemingway suggests took his own life a few months before, after receiving a disturbing telegram, perhaps ab out his lover. Other disturbing flashbacks in â€Å"Big Two-Hearted River† include a tragic execution scene where the man waiting to be hanged loses control of his bladder. Throughout â€Å"Big Two-Hearted River,† as Nick constructs his tent, fishes in the nearby river and cooks his catch, Hemingway describes his mood in two ways-up and down.If he stands up or climbs up a hill (on his way to build his tent, for example), he is in good spirits; but if he sits down (as he thinks about Hopkins, his friend who committed suicide, for instance) or descends, his mood is falling. Thus Nick’s mood follows his actions-form follows content. We are able to gather much information from this book concerning the story, â€Å"Big Two-Hearted River,† as we learn about Hemingway’s own mood swings, from low extremes, to high. The author is able to display his own feelings in this story and perhaps he was able to obtain therapy from his own writing.With the descriptio n that Ernest Hemingway gives in his book, (Benson, 1975) Benson tells us that, â€Å"He made him up. † Maybe, Benson doesn’t think that there is any association between Hemingway and Nick Adams. Hemingway writes that â€Å"The train went up the track out of sight, around one of the hills of burnt timber. Nick sat down on the bundle of canvas and bedding the baggage man had pitched out of the door of the baggage car. There was no town, nothing but the rails and the burned-over country.The thirteen saloons that had line the one street of Seney had not left a trace. The foundations of the Mansion House hotel stuck up above the ground. The stone was chipped and split by the fire. It was all that was left of the town of Seney. Even the surface had been burned off the ground. † (Hemingway, 1924) Hemingway writes that â€Å"Nick looked at the burned over-stretch of hillside, where he had expected to find the scattered houses of the town and then walked down the railr oad tracks to the bridge over the river. The river was there.It swirled against the log spires of the bridge. Nick looked down the clear, brown water, colored from the pebbly bottom, and watched the trout keeping themselves steady in the current with wavering fins. As he watched them they changed their positions again by quick angles, only to hold steady in the fast water, again. Nick watched them a long time. † We can see the importance of the water, to Ernest Hemingway. He seems to associate water with day dreaming and is able to have flashbacks about a different time in the character’s life and possibly his own.On another very enlightening website, we are told more about the story, by Ernest Hemingway. (Svoboda, 1996) At least part of the subtext of â€Å"Big Two-Hearted River† unfamiliar to present readers but likely to have been known by at least some readers at the time the story was written–and almost certainly known to Hemingway from his years of s ummers in Northern Michigan–involves the history and legends of Seney, a logging town in Michigan’s Upper Peninsula. Hemingway describes the burned-down town, surrounded by blackened timber. †We further ourselves in believing that Ernest Hemingway had personal strings attached to the town of Seney, and are more settled in the belief that Hemingway is speaking from his own experience about his own life. (Baker, 1959) â€Å"The implication is that Nick Adams had sometime earlier seen and had expected to return to an intact Seney, had once counted the thirteen saloons (an ominous number) and had perhaps stayed at the Mansion House Hotel. Now he seems to have returned after a recent fire to what seems more like a fought-over battlefield than a welcoming place of comfort.Civilization has disappeared with the train that has disappeared behind one of the â€Å"hills of burnt timber. † Nick sits. † This implication of earlier experience may well be appropri ate in the context of a piece of fiction in which, as Sheridan Baker first noted, Hemingway transplants a different river’s name to the prosaically named Fox, the actual stream which runs through Seney, eventually to join the Manistique and empty into Lake Michigan. We should not take that implication to represent a biographical truth about Hemingway, of course. Nor should we ignore Hemingway’s skill in creating a fictional world.† The summary tells us to not associate Hemingway’s own past life experiences with Nick Adam’s, but it would be hard not to. Hemingway is so descriptive about the geography of the town of Seney and the Upper Peninsula in Michigan, that it’s almost impossible not to associate Hemingway’s life with Nick Adam’s. (Baker, 1959) Baker says that Nick’s fishing â€Å"becomes something symbolic of larger endeavor†(153) What is the larger endeavor? We are told in Hemingway’s writing that Nick Adams awoke as his tent heated up in the morning. He was excited, but he knew he should have breakfast before he started fishing.He started the fire and put water on for coffee. Then, he went to collect grasshoppers in a jar for bait. He took only medium-sized ones. He went back to his camp and made buckwheat griddle cakes with apple butter. He packed one in his shirt pocket and ate two more. He also made onion sandwiches, which he put in his other pocket. Then, he looked through his fishing equipment. With all of his fishing equipment attached to him, he stepped into the river. The water was very cold. It is clear that Hemingway was on an endeavor to relive the events in his life that hurt him the most.We are able to get a better idea about what Hemingway is trying to express to us, about his own life in his story when he related words, places and times to his own personal life through Nick Adams. (Benson,) tells us that â€Å"In the lengthy passage that was Hemingway’s or iginal ending to â€Å"Big Two-Hearted River,† Nick Adams, having caught â€Å"one good trout† Hemingway was expressing his thoughts in the story â€Å"Big Two-Hearted River† as he clearly associated himself to the main character, Nick Adam’s, and just like Nick Adams, Ernest Hemingway caught â€Å"one good trout† which means that he accomplished one huge success.Svoboda, Frederick J. , 1996, Landscaping Real And Imagined: Big Two-Hearted River, Hemingway Review, University of Michigan, Volume 16, Number 1 Baker, Sheridan, Winter, 1959â€Å"Hemingway’s Two-Hearted River† Michigan Alumnus, Quarterly Review 65, 142-149, Report in Benson, 150-159 Gibb, Robert, 1975, â€Å"He Made Him Up† â€Å"Big Two-Hearted River as Doppleganger† Hemingway notes Report in Reynold’s, p. 254-259 Benson, Jackson J. , 1975, The Short Stories of Ernest Hemingway: Critical Essays, Durham, NC, Duke UP, Hemingway, Ernest, 1924, The Big Hea rted River